湿地鸟类是湿地野生动物中最具代表性的类群,是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,灵敏和深刻地反映着湿地环境的变迁。

据统计,目前我国有湿地水鸟12目32科271种,其中属国家重点保护的水鸟有10目18科56种,属国家保护的有益或者有重要经济、科学研究价值的水鸟有10目25科195种。按居留型可分为夏候鸟、冬候鸟、留鸟和旅鸟4类,其中大部分是候鸟和旅鸟。在亚洲57种濒危鸟类中,中国湿地内就有31种,占54%;全世界鹤类有15种,中国有记录的就有9种,占60%;全世界雁鸭类有166种,中国湿地就有50种,占30%。

我国湿地水鸟的分布是与各地的气候、水文、植被等自然地理特点相适应的。北方处于寒温带和温带,种类以夏候鸟和旅鸟占优势;南方处于亚热带和热带,种类以冬候鸟和留鸟占优势。很多水鸟都是在北方繁殖,到南方越冬。

中国主要水鸟名录

序号 中文名 学名 英文名
潜鸟目 GAVIIFORMES
潜鸟科 Gaviidae (4)
1 红喉潜鸟 Gavia stellata Red-throated Diver
2 太平洋潜鸟 Gavia pacifica Pacific Diver
3 黑喉潜鸟 Gavia arctica Black-throated Diver
4 白嘴潜鸟 Gavia adamsii White-billed Diver
目 PODICIPEDIFORMES
科 Podicipedidae (5)
5 小 Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe
6 角 Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe
7 黑颈 Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe
8 凤头 Podiceps cristatus Great CrestedGrebe
9 赤颈 Podiceps grisegena Red-necked Grebe
鹱形目 PROCELLARIIFORMES
信天翁科 Diomedeidae(2)
10 短尾信天翁 Diomedea albatrus Short-tailedAlbatross
11 黑脚信天翁 Diomedea nigripes Black-footed Albatross
鹱科 Procellariidae(8)
12 暴风鹱 Fulmarus glacialis Pacific Fulmar
13 白额鹱 Puffinus leucomelas White-frontedShearwater
14 曳尾鹱 Puffinus pacificus Wedge-tailed Shearwater
15 灰鹱 Puffinus griseus Grey Shearwater
16 短尾鹱 Puffinus tenuirostris Short-tailedShearwater
17 钩嘴圆尾鹱 Pterodroma rostrata T ahiti Petrel
18 点额圆尾鹱 Pterodroma hypoleuca Bonin Petrel
19 纯褐鹱 Bulweria bulwerii Bulwer’s Petrel
海燕科 Hydrobatidae(2)
20 白腰叉尾海燕 Oceanodroma leucorhoa Fork-tailed Storm Petrel
21 黑叉尾海燕 Oceanodroma monorhis Swinhoe’s Storm Petrel
鹈形目 PELACANIFORMES
鸏科 Phaethontidae(3)
22 短尾鸏 Phaethon aethereus Short-tailed Tropic-bird
23 红尾鸏 Phaethon rubricauda Red-tailed Tropic-bird
24 白尾鸏 Phaethon lepturus Long-tailed Tropic-bird
鹈鹕科 Pelecanidae (2)
25 白鹈鹕 Pelecanus onocrotalus Eastern White Pelican
26 斑嘴鹈鹕 Pelecanus philippensis Spot-billed Pelican
鲣鸟科 Sulidae(2)
27 红脚鲣鸟 Sula sula Red-footed Booby
28 褐鲣鸟 Sula leucogaster Brown Booby
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae (5)
29 [普通]鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo Common Cormorant
30 斑头(绿)鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax capillatus Temminck’s Cormorant
31 海鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax pelagicus Sea Cormorant
32 红脸鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax urile Red-faced Cormorant
33 黑颈鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant
军舰鸟科 Fregatidae(3)
34 小军舰鸟 Fregata minor Lesser Frigate Bird
35 白腹军舰鸟 Fregata andrwsi Christmas Island Frigate Bird
36 白斑军舰鸟 Fregata ariel Least Frigate Bird
鹳形目 CICONIIFORMES
鹭科 Ardeidae (21)
37 苍鹭 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron
38 草鹭 Ardea purpurea Purple Heron
39 绿鹭 Butorides striatus Little Green Heron
40 池鹭 Ardeola bacchus Chinese Pond Heron
41 牛背鹭 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret
42 白颈黑鹭 Egretta picata Pied Heron
43 大白鹭 Egretta alba Large Egret
44 白鹭 Egretta garzetta Little Egret
45 黄嘴白鹭 Egretta eulophotes Chinese Egret
46 岩鹭 Egretta sacra Reef Heron
47 中白鹭 Egretta intermedia Intermediate Egret
48 夜鹭 Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron
49 栗头虎斑鳽 Gorsachius goisagi Brown Night Heron
50 海南虎斑鳽 Gorsachius magnificus Chinese Night Heron
51 黑冠虎斑鳽 Gorsachius melanolophus Malay Night Heron
52 小苇鳽 Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern
53 黄苇鳽 Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow Bittern
54 紫背苇鳽 Ixobrychus eurhythmus Schrenck’s Bittern
55 栗苇鳽 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Bittern
56 黑鳽 Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern
57 大麻鳽 Botaurus stellaris Great Bittern
鹳科 Ciconiidae (5)
58 彩鹳 Mycteria leucocephalus Painted Stork
59 白鹳 Ciconia ciconia White Stork
60 东方白鹳 Ciconia boyciana Oriental White Stork
61 黑鹳 Ciconia nigra Black Stork
62 秃鹳 Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant Stork
鹮科 Threskiornithidae (6)
63 [黑头]白鹮 Threskiornis melanocephalus White Ibis
64 黑鹮 Pseudibis papillosa Black Ibis
65 朱鹮 Nipponia nippon Crested Ibis
66 彩鹮 Plegadis falcinella Glossy Ibis
67 白琵鹭 Platalea leucorodia White Spoonbill
68 黑脸琵鹭 Platalea minor Black-faced Spoonbill
雁形目ANSERIFORMES
鸭科 Anatidae (47)
69 黑雁 Branta bernicla Brant Goose
70 红胸黑雁 Branta ruficollis Red-breasted Goose
71 鸿雁 Anser cygnoides Swan Goose
72 豆雁 Anser fabalis Bean Goose
73 白额雁 Anser albifrons White-fronted Goose
74 小白额雁 Anser erythropus Lesser White-fronted Goose
75 灰雁 Anser anser Greylag Goose
76 斑头雁 Anser indicus Bar-headed Goose
77 雪雁 Anser caerulescens Snow Goose
78 大天鹅 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan
79 小天鹅 Cygnus columbianus Whistling Swan
80 疣鼻天鹅 Cygnus olor Mute Swan
81 [栗]树鸭 Dendrocygna javanica Lesser Whistling Teal
82 赤麻鸭 Tadorna ferruginea Ruddy Shelduck
83 翘鼻麻鸭 Tadorna tadorna Common Shelduck
84 针尾鸭 Anas acuta Pintail
85 绿翅鸭 Anas crecca Common Teal
86 花脸鸭 Anas formosa Baikal Teal
87 罗纹鸭 Anas falcata Falcated Teal
88 绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard
89 斑嘴鸭 Anas poecilorhyncha Spotbill Duck
90 赤膀鸭 Anas strepera Gadwall
91 赤颈鸭 Anas penelope Wigeon
92 白眉鸭 Anas querquedula Garganey
93 琵嘴鸭 Anas clypeata Shoveller
94 云石斑鸭 Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled Teal
95 赤嘴潜鸭 Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard
96 帆背潜鸭 Aythya valisineria Canvasback
97 红头潜鸭 Aythya ferina Common Pochard
98 白眼潜鸭 Aythya nyroca White-eyed Pochard
99 青头潜鸭 Aythya baeri Baer’s Pochard
100 凤头潜鸭 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck
101 斑背潜鸭 Aythya marila Scaup Duck
102 鸳鸯 Aix galericulata Mandarin Duck
103 棉凫 Nettapus coromandelianus Cotton Teal
104 瘤鸭 Sarkidiornis melanotos Comb Duck
105 小绒鸭 Polysticta stelleri Steller’s Eider
106 黑海番鸭 Melanitta nigra Black Scoter
107 斑脸海番鸭 Melanitta fusca White-winged Scoter
108 丑鸭 Histrionicus histrionicus Harlequin Duck
109 长尾鸭 Clangula hyemalis Long-tailed Duck
110 鹊鸭 Bucephala clangula Goldeneye
111 白头硬尾鸭 Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck
112 斑头秋沙鸭 Mergus albellus Smew
113 中华秋沙鸭 Mergus squamatus Chinese Merganser
114 红胸秋沙鸭 Mergus serrator Red-breastedMerganser
115 普通秋沙鸭 Mergus merganser Goosander
隼形目FALCONIFORMES
鹰科Accipitridat(1)
116 Pandion haliatus Osprey
鹤形目GRUIFORMES
鹤科Gruidae (9)
117 灰鹤 Grus grus Common Crane
118 黑颈鹤 Grus nigricollis Black-necked Crane
119 白头鹤 Grus monacha Hooded Crane
120 沙丘鹤 Grus canadensis Shandhill Crane
121 丹顶鹤 Grus japonensis Red-crowned Crane
122 白枕鹤 Grus vipio White-naped Crane
123 白鹤 Grusleucogeranus Siberian White Crane
124 赤颈鹤 Grus antigone Sarus Crane
125 蓑羽鹤 Anthropoides virgo Demoiselle Crane
秧鸡科Rallidae (19)
126 普通秧鸡 Rallus aquaticus Water Rail
127 蓝胸秧鸡 Rallus striatus Blue-breasted Banded Rail
128 红腿斑秧鸡 Rallina fasciata Red-legged Crake
129 白喉斑秧鸡 Rallina eurizonoides Banded Crake
130 长脚秧鸡 Crex crex Corn Crake
131 白眉秧鸡 Porzana cinerea Ashy Crake
132 姬田鸡 Porzana parva Little Crake
133 小田鸡 Porzana pusilla Baillon’s Crake
134 斑胸田鸡 Porzana porzana Spotted Crake
135 红胸田鸡 Porzana fusca Ruddy Crake
136 斑胁田鸡 Porzana paykullii Band-beilied Crake
137 棕背田鸡 Porzana bicolor Rufous-backed Crake
138 花田鸡 Porzana exquisita Swinhoe’s Yellow Rail
139 红脚苦恶鸟 Amaurornis akool Brown Crake
140 白胸苦恶鸟 Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted WaterHen
141 董鸡 Gallicrex cinerea Water Cock
142 黑水鸡 Gallinula chloropus Moorhen
143 紫水鸡 Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Moorhen
144 白骨顶 Fulica atra Coot
鸻形目 CHARADRIIFORMES
雉鸻科 Jacanidae (2)
145 铜翅水雉 Metapidius indicus Bronge-winged Jacana
146 水雉 Hydrophasianus chirurgus Pheasant-tailed Jacana
彩鹬科 Rostratulidae (1)
147 彩鹬 Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe
蛎鹬科 Haematopodidae (1)
148 蛎鹬 Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher
鸻科 Charadriidae (15)
149 凤头麦鸡 Vanellus vanellus Lapwing
150 灰头麦鸡 Vanellus cinereus Grey-headed Lapwing
151 肉垂麦鸡 Vanellus indicus Red-wattledLapwing
152 距翅麦鸡 Vanellus duvaucelii Spur-winged Lapwing
153 灰斑鸻 Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover
154 金[斑]鸻 Pluvialis dominica Eastern Golden Plover
155 剑鸻 Charadrius hiaticula Ringed Plover
156 长嘴剑鸻 Charadrius placidus Long-billed Ringed Plover
157 金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover
158 环颈鸻 Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish Plover
159 蒙古沙鸻 Charadrius mongolus Mongolian Plover
160 铁嘴沙鸻 Charadrius leschenaultii Large Sand Plover
161 红胸鸻 Charadrius asiaticus Caspian Plover
162 东方鸻 Charadrius veredus Eastern Sand Plover
163 小嘴鸻 Eudromias morinellus Dotterel
鹬科 Scolopacidae (48)
164 小杓鹬 Numenius minutus Little Whimbrel
165 中杓鹬 Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel
166 白腰杓鹬 Numenius arquata Curlew
167 红腰杓鹬 Numenius madagascariensis Red-rumped Curlew
168 黑尾塍鹬 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit
169 斑尾塍鹬 Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit
170 红脚鹤鹬 Tringa erythropus Spotted Redshank
171 红脚鹬 Tringa totanus Redshank
172 泽鹬 Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper
173 青脚鹬 Tringa nebularia Greenshank
174 白腰草鹬 Tringa ochropus Green Sandpiper
175 林鹬 Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper
176 小青脚鹬 Tring a guttifer Armstrong’s Sandpiper
177 小黄脚鹬 Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs
178 灰鹬 Tringa incana Grey Sandpiper
179 矶鹬 Tringa hypoleucos Common Sandpiper
180 灰尾漂鹬 Heteroscelus brevipes Grey-rumped Sandpiper
181 漂鹬 Heteroscelus incanus Gery Sandpiper
182 翘嘴鹬 Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper
183 翻石鹬 Arenaria interpres Turnstone
184 长嘴鹬 Limnodromus scolopaceus Long-billed Dowitcher
185 半蹼鹬 Limnodromus semipalmatus Snipe-billed Godwit
186 孤沙锥 Gallinago solitaria Solitary Snipe
187 澳南沙锥 Gallinago hardwickii Latham’s Snipe
188 林沙锥 Gallinago nemoricola Wood Snipe
189 针尾沙锥 Gallinago stenura Pintail Snipe
190 大沙锥 Gallinago megala Swinhoe’s Snipe
191 扇尾沙锥 Gallinago gallinago Fantail Snipe
192 丘鹬 Scolopax rusticola Woodcock
193 姬鹬 Lymnocryptes minimus Jack Snipe
194 红腹滨鹬 Calidris canutus Red Knot
195 大滨鹬 Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot
196 红胸滨鹬 Calidris ruficollis Red-necked Stint
197 西方滨鹬 Calidris mauri Western Sandpiper
198 长趾滨鹬 Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint
199 小滨鹬 Calidris minuta Little Stint
200 乌脚滨鹬 Calidris temminckii Temminck’s Stint
201 尖尾滨鹬 Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Stint
202 岩滨鹬 Calidris ptilocnemis Rock Sand-piper
203 黑腹滨鹬 Calidris alpina Dunlin
204 弯嘴滨鹬 Calidris ferruginea Curlew Stint
205 斑胸滨鹬 Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper
206 三趾滨鹬 Crocethia alba Sanderling
207 勺嘴鹬 Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Spoon-billedSandpiper
208 阔嘴鹬 Limicola falcinellus Broad-billed Sandpiper
209 高跷鹬 Micropalama himantopus Stilt Sandpiper
210 黄胸鹬 Tryngites subruficillis Buff-breastedSandpiper
211 流苏鹬 Philomachus pugnax Ruff
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae (3)
212 鹮嘴鹬 Ibidorhyncha struthersii Ibis-bill
213 黑翅长脚鹬 Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stint
214 反嘴鹬 Recurvirostra avosetta Pied Avocet
瓣蹼鹬科Phalaropodidae (2)
215 红颈瓣蹼鹬 Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope
216 灰瓣蹼鹬 Phalaropus fulicarius Grey Phalarope
石鸻科Burhinidae (2)
217 大石鸻 Esacus magnirostris Great Stone Plover
218 石鸻 Burhinus oedicnemus Stone Curlew
燕鸻科 Glareolidae (2)
219 普通燕鸻 Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole
220 灰燕鸻 Glareola lactea Small Pratincole
鸥形目LARIFORMES
贼鸥科 Stercorariidae (4)
221 中贼鸥 Stercorarius pomarinus Pomatorhine Skua
222 大贼鸥 Catharacta skua Great Skua
223 短尾贼鸥 Stercorarius parasiticus Short-tailed Skua
224 长尾贼鸥 Stercorarius longicaudus Long-tailed Skua
鸥科 Laridae (33)
225 黑尾鸥 Larus crassirostris Black-tailed Gull
226 海鸥 Larus canus Common Gull
227 银鸥 Larus argentatus Herring Gull
228 灰背鸥 Larus schistisagus Slaty-backed Gull
229 灰翅鸥 Larus glaucescens Glaucous-winged Gull
230 北极鸥 Larus hyperboreus Glaucous Gull
231 渔鸥 Larus ichthyaetus Great Black-headed Gull
232 遗鸥 Larus relictus Relict Gull
233 红嘴鸥 Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull
234 棕头鸥 Larus brunnicephalus Brown-headed Gull
235 细嘴鸥 Larus genei Slender-billed Gull
236 小鸥 Larus minutus Little Gull
237 黑嘴鸥 Larus saundersi Saunder’s Gull
238 三趾鸥 Rissa tridactyla Blacked-leggedKittiwake
239 楔尾鸥 Rhodostethia rosea Wedge-tailed Gull
240 须浮鸥 Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern
241 白翅浮鸥 Chlidonias leucoptera White-winged Black Tern
242 黑浮鸥 Chlidonias niger Black Tern
243 鸥嘴噪鸥 Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern
244 红嘴巨鸥 Hydroprogne caspia Caspian Tern
245 黄嘴河燕鸥 Sterna aurantia River Tern
246 普通燕鸥 Sterna hirundo Common Tern
247 粉红燕鸥 Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern
248 黑枕燕鸥 Sterna sumatrana Black-naped Tern
249 黑腹燕鸥 Sterna melanogaster Black-bellied Tern
250 褐翅燕鸥 Sterna anaethetus Brown-winged Tern
251 乌燕鸥 Sterna fuscata Sooty Tern
252 白额燕鸥 Sterna albifrons Little Tern
253 大凤头燕鸥 Thalasseus bergii Large Crested Tern
254 小凤头燕鸥 Thalasseus bengalensis Little Crested Tern
255 黑嘴端凤头燕鸥 Thalasseus bernsteini Chinese Lesser Crested Tern
256 白顶黑燕鸥 Anous stolidus Common Noddy
257 白燕鸥 Gygis alba White Tern
剪嘴鸥科Rynchopidae (1)
258 剪嘴鸥 Rhynchops albicollis Indian Skimmer
海雀科Alcidae(4)
259 扁嘴海雀 Synthiboramphus antiquus Ancient Murrelet
260 斑海雀 Brachyramphus marmoratus Marbled Murrelet
261 角嘴海雀 Cerorhinca monocerata Hornbilled Auklet
262 冠海雀 Synthliboraphus antiqus Crested Murrelet
鴞形目STRIGIFORMES
鸱鴞科 Strigidae(3)
263 毛腿渔鴞 Ketupa blakistoni Blackiston’s Fish Owl
264 褐渔鴞 Ketupa zeylonensis Brown Fish Owl
265 黄脚渔鴞 Ketupa flavipes Tawny Fish Owl
佛法僧目CORACIIFORMES
翠鸟科 Aleedinidae(6)
266 冠鱼狗 Ceryle lugubrus Crested PiedKingfisher
267 斑鱼狗 Ceryle rudis Lesser Pied Kingfisher
268 普通翠鸟 Alcedo atthis Common Kingfisher
269 赤翡翠 Halcyon coromanda Ruddy Kingfisher
270 白胸翡翠 Halcyon smyrnensis White-breasted Kingfisher
271 篮翡翠 Halcyon pileata Black-capped Kingfisher